Mantecal Journal
Venezuela’s Fitful Effort to Save a Scaly Predator
By WILLIAM NEUMAN and PAULA RAMÓN
A ranch that was expropriated by Venezuela’s government in 2009
represents both the hopes and the frustrations of conservationists who
have worked to save the Orinoco crocodile.
Mantecal Journal
Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
Rescuing a Predator:
South America’s largest crocodile is on the verge of extinction, and
government and private efforts to rescue the species are having limited
success.
By WILLIAM NEUMAN and PAULA RAMÓN
Published: December 25, 2013
MANTECAL, Venezuela — Stealing the eggs from an enraged, 10-foot crocodile is a delicate operation.
Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
Álvaro Velasco, a specialist, at a government-run
ranch in Venezuela that breeds the Orinoco crocodile.
“If you don’t have your guard up, this crocodile can jump out of the
water onto the sand, and in the same motion she can catch you,” said
Luis Rattia, 37, who runs a hatchery at the government-owned El Frío
ranch, part of a sputtering effort to save the Orinoco crocodile, the
largest predator in South America, from extinction.
There were once millions of Orinoco crocodiles living along the banks of
the great river, which gave them their name, and its tributaries in
Venezuela and eastern Colombia.
But the fearsome animals were nearly done in by fashion. They were
hunted almost to extermination from the 1920s to the 1950s to feed a
worldwide demand for crocodile-skin boots, coats, handbags and other
items. Today, biologists estimate that there are only about 1,500
Orinoco crocodiles left in the wild, nearly all of them in Venezuela.
The El Frío ranch, which was expropriated by Venezuela’s government in
2009, represents the hopes and the frustrations of conservationists who
have worked to save the animal for years, often at cross purposes with a
government that frequently views them with suspicion. Thanks in part to
that disconnect, efforts to save the animal suffer from a lack of
coordination and money, imperiling their already limited success.
“A properly defined program with funding and objectives doesn’t exist,”
said Omar Hernández, the director of an environmental foundation called
Fudeci. “The animal is in critical danger.”
When the naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt traveled through
the Venezuelan plains in 1800, he found crocodiles lining the
riverbanks, with the largest males measuring up to 24 feet long.
José Gumilla, an 18th-century priest who wrote a natural history of the
Orinoco, told of the fear the huge crocodile inspired. “It is ferocity
itself,” he wrote, “the crude offspring of the greatest monstrosity, the
horror of every living thing; so formidable that if a crocodile were to
look in a mirror it would flee trembling from itself.”
It is easy to see what Father Gumilla was talking about. On another
government-run ranch near El Frío, a large crocodile lay in the shallows
of a rushing stream one recent evening, its eyes nearly shut, its mouth
open in what looked like a cruel smile. With a scaly dragon’s back;
spiky tail; long, white teeth; and fat, wormlike belly, it seemed like
something out of a myth. Suddenly, it moved with lightning quickness,
thrashing its tail and gorging on a fish that swam within range of its
snapping jaws.
The first concerted efforts to breed the Orinoco crocodile were started
in the 1980s by conservation-minded ranchers whose lands straddled the
animal’s once extensive territory.
Then, in 1990, scientists began releasing young crocodiles into rivers
on the El Frío ranch, where wild crocodiles had not been seen in at
least two decades. Today, researchers estimate that as many as 400
crocodiles inhabit the ranch, forming an entirely new population that
shows the species’ ability to recover if conditions are right.
“This is the great success of the program,” said Álvaro Velasco, a
former government biologist who heads an independent group of crocodile
specialists. “The achievement is that there were no crocodiles here, and
now there is a population that can reproduce itself.”
He stood with Mr. Rattia on a recent morning at the edge of a wide
lagoon on the ranch, as a large male crocodile surfaced 50 feet
offshore. Mr. Velasco said that the animal, roughly 15 feet long, was
about 20 years old, placing it among one of the first generations of
crocodiles released here.
The program at El Frío was begun when the 153,000-acre ranch was in
private hands, as part of a research station started in the 197
During a wave of nationalizations carried out by the country’s longtime
socialist president, Hugo Chávez, El Frío was expropriated in 2009. The
research station was abruptly closed, and a Spanish biologist who had
run it was barred from the ranch.
Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
Álvaro Velasco viewing tanks holding baby crocodiles.
Biologists estimate there are 1,500 Orinoco crocodiles in the wild.
Meridith Kohut for The New York Times
The fearsome gaze of the crocodile, which was nearly hunted to extinction decades ago.
Now the hatchery hangs on by a thread, largely because of the
perseverance of Mr. Rattia. After the government takeover, Mr. Rattia
said, he was reassigned to work as an auto mechanic, something in which
he had no experience. After several months, when the crocodiles began
dying, he appealed to the ranch’s new managers to let him return to the
hatchery.
He has been running it almost single-handedly ever since.
He has no money to replace a faulty thermostat in the incubator used to
hatch crocodile eggs. When the thermostat malfunctioned last year, the
incubator overheated, and dozens of eggs were destroyed. A freezer used
to store meat for the animals broke about a year and a half ago and has
not been replaced.
Mr. Rattia spends much of his time fishing to provide food for the
animals in the hatchery, which include 155 young crocodiles and 1,300 Arrau turtles,
another endangered species. Although he makes only about slightly more
than the minimum wage, he digs into his own pocket to buy vitamins to
supplement the animals’ food.
“They don’t see the value of this,” Mr. Rattia said. “I feel that the day I go is the day the hatchery ends.”
Officials at the Environment Ministry in Caracas, the capital, turned
down requests for interviews, but the environment minister, Miguel
Rodríguez, recently defended the government’s stewardship when he
visited the ranch to release 45 young crocodiles.
“The construction of socialism would not be compatible if we don’t also
preserve nature,” Mr. Rodríguez was quoted as saying in a government
newspaper. He said that a majority of releases had occurred after Mr.
Chávez first took office in 1999, suggesting that the government had
given the program new impetus. Much of that activity, however, was
carried out by private ranchers and foundations, conservationists said.
There are six facilities in Venezuela involved in raising Orinoco
crocodiles for release in the wild. Most collect eggs laid by wild
crocodiles, as El Frío does, or from crocodiles kept in small, enclosed
lagoons for breeding. They incubate the eggs and raise the hatchlings
until they are about a year old, when they are large enough to have a
good chance of surviving on their own.
Humans continue to be the crocodiles’ greatest enemy. Poor rural
residents often kill them, out of fear that they will attack people,
conservationists said. They also take their eggs for food and capture
baby crocodiles to sell as pets.
Conservationists said the effort to save the crocodile was undermined by
the absence of game wardens to patrol the rivers where they live.
Private efforts to save the Orinoco crocodile also face serious
challenges. One, on the Masaguaral Ranch, led to the country’s first
crocodile hatchery in the late 1980s, and today it produces about 200
baby crocodiles a year, more than any other facility.
But the government has long been antagonistic to large landowners,
casting them as enemies of its revolutionary program. After the takeover
of El Frío and some other ranches, the threat of expropriation is a
constant worry.
Mr. Hernández, the director of the environmental foundation, said the
government had virtually cut all communication with such independent
programs. He said that each year he submitted requests for permission to
release crocodiles in a national park on the Capanaparo River, and that
the government had repeatedly failed to respond.
“In theory, they want to do everything, but then they don’t do it,” Mr. Hernández said.
Nonetheless, the potential for public-private cooperation can be seen at
another government-run ranch, called El Cedral. With financing from a
private foundation started by a former Environment Ministry official,
the ranch last year created a crocodile hatchery, where there are now
about 90 baby crocodiles being raised in well-maintained tanks.
Pedro González, 57, who works at the hatchery, recalled how his father
used to hunt crocodiles at night from a canoe, using a harpoon, the
traditional method here.
“I am remaking what my father devoured,” Mr. González said.
0s that
brought scientists from around the world to study the ecology of the
Venezuelan plains.
COPY http://www.nytimes.com/
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